====== Compton scattering in QED ======
----
====Theory====

Let us consider Compton scattering in spinor QED. There are two Feynman diagrams:

{{ :documentation:tutorials:qed.png?450 |}}


The Feynman rules for spinor QED are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{electron propagator:}&\qquad& D(k) = \frac{-i\,\left(m + k_\mu \gamma^\mu \right)}{m^2 - k^2}, \\
\mbox{photon-electron-electron vertex:} &\qquad& V_\mu = -i\, e\, \gamma_
\mu,
\end{eqnarray}
where $e$ is an electron charge and $\gamma_\mu$ is Dirac matrix.

Using these Feynman rules it is easy to write amplitudes corresponding to the above Feynman diagrams:

\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{diagram a):}&\qquad& \mathcal M_a =\bar u(k_2)\, V_\mu \, \epsilon^\mu (p_2) \, D(k_1 + p_1) \, V_\nu \, \epsilon^\nu (p_1) \, u(k_1), \\
\mbox{diagram b):}&\qquad& \mathcal M_b =\bar u(k_2)\, V_\mu \, \epsilon^\mu (p_1) \, D(k_1 - p_2) \, V_\nu \, \epsilon^\nu (p_2) \, u(k_1), 
\end{eqnarray}
where  $u$ and $\bar u$ are electron wave function and its conjugation respectively and $\epsilon$ is a polarisation vector of photon. 

The final goal is squared matrix element summed over final and averaged over initial polarisations:

\[
\frac{1}{4}\sum |\mathcal M|^2 = \frac{1}{4} \, \sum \, (\mathcal M_a + \mathcal M_b)^* (\mathcal M_a + \mathcal M_b) 
\]

Sum over photon and electron polarizations:
\begin{gather}
\sum\, \epsilon_\mu(p)\, \epsilon_\nu(p) \,=\, - g_{\mu\nu}\\
\sum\, u(k) \, \bar u(k)\, =  \,m\, +\, k^\mu\,\gamma_\mu
\end{gather}

The final standard thing is complex conjugation of matrix element. This can be done using the following obvious formula: 
\[
\left( \bar u(p_2)\, \gamma_{\alpha_1} \,\gamma_{\alpha_2}\,\dots \gamma_{\alpha_n} \, u(p_1) \right)^* =  \bar u(p_1)\, \gamma_{\alpha_n} \,\gamma_{\alpha_{n-1}}\,\dots \gamma_{\alpha_1} \, u(p_2) 
\]

After summing squared matrix element over polarisations, all combinations of gamma matrices will automatically transform to combinations of gamma matrices traces.
====Code====
The following code reproduces exactly same steps as one need to perform with paper and pencil to calculate squared matrix element of Compton scattering:
<sxh groovy; gutter: true>
//setting up matrices
//gamma, vertex, propagator
defineMatrices 'G_a', 'V_i', 'D[x_m]', Matrix1.matrix,
        //electron wave function
        'vu[p_a]', Matrix1.vector,
        //its conjugation
        'cu[p_a]', Matrix1.covector
//vertex
def V = 'V_m = -I*e*G_m'.t
//electron propagator
def D = 'D[p_m] = -I*(m + p_m*G^m)/(m**2 - p_m*p^m)'.t
//diagram a)
def Ma = 'cu[k2_m]*V_m*e^m[p2_m]*D[k1_m+p1_m]*V_n*e^n[p1_m]*vu[k1_m]'.t
//diagram b)
def Mb = 'cu[k2_m]*V_m*e^m[p1_m]*D[k1_m-p2_m]*V_n*e^n[p2_m]*vu[k1_m]'.t
//total matrix element
def M = Ma + Mb
//substituting Feynman rules
M = (V & D) >> M
//list of Mandelstam and mass shell substitutions
def mandelstam = setMandelstam(
        [p1_a: '0', k1_a: 'm', p2_a: '0', k2_a: 'm'])
//simplify matrix element
M = (ExpandAll & EliminateMetrics & mandelstam) >> M
//conjugate matrix element
def MC = 'vu[k1_m]*cu[k2_m] = vu[k2_m]*cu[k1_m]'.t >> M
MC = (Conjugate & Reverse[Matrix1]) >> MC
//squared matrix element
def M2 = ExpandAll >> (M * MC / 4)
//sum over photon polarizations
M2 = 'e_m[p1_a]*e_n[p1_a] = -g_mn'.t >> M2
M2 = 'e_m[p2_a]*e_n[p2_a] = -g_mn'.t >> M2
//sum over electron polarizations
M2 = 'vu[k2_m]*cu[k2_m] = m + k2^m*G_m'.t >> M2
M2 = 'vu[k1_m]*cu[k1_m] = m + k1^m*G_m'.t >> M2
//taking trace of gamma matrices
M2 = DiracTrace['G_a'] >> M2
//simplify the result
M2 = (ExpandAndEliminate & mandelstam) >> M2
//substitute space-time dimension
M2 = 'd^i_i = 4'.t >> M2
//final simplifications
M2 = 'u = 2*m**2 -s-t'.t >> M2
M2 = Factor >> M2
println M2
</sxh>
<sxh plain; gutter: false>
   > 2*e**4*(2*m**8-t**3*m**2+t**3*s-8*s**2*t*m**2+3*t**2*m**4+4*t*m**4*s
         +4*s**3*t-2*t**2*m**2*s+2*s**4+3*s**2*t**2-8*s**3*m**2+12*s**2*m**4
         -8*m**6*s)*(-t+m**2-s)**(-2)*(-m**2+s)**(-2)
</sxh>
This code will print well known Klein-Nishina-Tamm formula:
\begin{multline*}
\frac{1}{4} \sum \,|\mathcal M|^2 \,=\, \frac{2\,e^4
}{(m^{2}-s)^2 (-m^{2}+s+t)^2}
\, \times \\
 \times \, \left( -8 s^{2} m^{2} t+4 s^{3} t+2 s^{4}+t^{3} s+2 m^{8}+4 m^{4} s
t-m^{2} t^{3} \right. \\ \left.-2 m^{2} t^{2} s+3 m^{4} t^{2}-8 s^{3} m^{2}+12
s^{2} m^{4}+3 s^{2} t^{2}-8 m^{6} s \right)
\end{multline*}
====See also====
  * Related guides: [[documentation:guide:setting_up_matrix_objects]], [[documentation:guide:applying_and_manipulating_transformations]], [[documentation:guide:substitutions]]
  * Related tutorials: [[documentation:tutorials:compton_scattering_in_scalar_qed]],  [[documentation:tutorials:compton_scattering_in_qcd]]
  * Related reference material: [[documentation:ref:setmandelstam]], [[documentation:ref:expandall]], [[documentation:ref:eliminatemetrics]], [[documentation:ref:reverse]], [[documentation:ref:diractrace]]