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 — documentation:guide:permutations_and_permutation_groups [2015/11/21 12:33] (current) Line 1: Line 1: + ====== Permutations and permutation groups ====== + <​html>​ +
+ ​ + Next topic: [[documentation:​guide:​programming_with_redberry]] + <​html>​ + ​ + ​ + ​ + + ---- + + ====Permutations==== + + Permutations play a very important role in tensor algebra. For example, [[Symmetries of tensors|symmetries of tensors]] are specified in terms of permutations of indices. Besides, permutations and permutation groups are used in many routines and algorithms with tensors (e.g. [[documentation:​ref:​Symmetrize]] transformation or [[mappings of indices]] are uses algorithms with  permutation groups). ​ + + A single [[documentation:​ref:​Permutation]] in Redberry can be inputted using ''​.p''​ property both in cycle and one-line notation: + + //​permutation in one-line notation + def p1 = [0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 1, 3, 4].p + //same permutation in cycle notation + def p2 = [[1, 2, 5], [4, 7], [3, 6]].p + assert p1 == p2 + ​ + [[documentation:​ref:​Permutation]] can represent both permutational symmetry and antisymmetry. In order to convert symmetry to antisymmetry and vice versa, one can use minus: + + //symmetry + def sym = [[0, 2, 5], [6, 7]].p + //​antisymmetry + def asym = -sym + ​ + + One can use [[documentation:​ref:​Permutation]] to permute a list of objects via ''​%%>>​%%''​ operator: + + def p = [[0, 1], [2, 3]].p + println p >> [10, 9, 8, 7] + ​ + + > [9, 10, 7, 8] + ​ + + println p >> ['​a',​ '​b',​ '​c',​ '​d',​ '​e'​] + ​ + + > [b, a, d, c, e] + ​ + + In order to make a composition of permutations one can simply use multiplication:​ + + def perm1 = [[0, 5, 4], [1, 3]].p + def perm2 = [[0, 1], [2, 3]].p + println perm1*perm2 + ​ + + > +[[0, 5, 4, 1, 2, 3]] + ​ + + println perm2*perm1 + ​ + + > +[[0, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4]] + ​ + The result of applying composition ''​perm1*perm2''​ is equivalent to applying ''​perm2''​ then ''​perm1'':​ + + def list = ['​a',​ '​b',​ '​c',​ '​d',​ '​e',​ '​f'​] + assert (perm1 * perm2) >> list == perm1 >> (perm2 >> list) + assert (perm2 * perm1) >> list == perm2 >> (perm1 >> list) + ​ + + See [[documentation:​ref:​Permutation]] for further details. + ====Permutation groups==== + In order to [[Symmetries of tensors|specify symmetries of tensors]] one should specify a generating set of permutations. Redberry uses generating set to create a [[documentation:​ref:​PermutationGroup]] which is used in all further routines. Redberry can handle permutation groups ​ with degree in the range of a few thousand, hence working with groups with more than $10^{1000}$ ​ elements. + + In order to create [[documentation:​ref:​PermutationGroup]] directly, one can do: + + def gen1 = [[1, 4, 5], [3, 6]].p + def gen2 = -[[2, 3], [1, 5]].p + def group = Group(gen1, gen2) + ​ + Giving a [[documentation:​ref:​PermutationGroup]],​ one can e.g. check its order (i.e. number of all elements in group) or enumerate all its element: + + //print number of all group elements + println group.order() + ​ + + > 36 + ​ + + //enumerate all elements + def all = [] + for (def perm in group) + all << perm + //find all antisymmetries + def assyms = group.findAll { perm -> perm.antisymmetry() } + println assyms + ​ + + > [-[[4,5]], -[[3,​6],​[4,​5]],​ -[[2,​3],​[4,​5]],​ -[[2,​6,​3],​[4,​5]],​ -[[2,​6],​[4,​5]],​ + -[[2,​3,​6],​[4,​5]],​ -[[1,​4],​[3,​6]],​ -[[1,4]], -[[1,​4],​[2,​3,​6]],​ -[[1,​4],​[2,​6]],​ + -[[1,​4],​[2,​6,​3]],​ -[[1,​4],​[2,​3]],​ -[[1,​5],​[2,​3]],​ -[[1,​5],​[2,​6,​3]],​ -[[1,5]], + -[[1,​5],​[3,​6]],​ -[[1,​5],​[2,​3,​6]],​ -[[1,​5],​[2,​6]]] + ​ + + + [[documentation:​ref:​PermutationGroup]] provides a wide range of specialized methods including membership testing, coset enumeration,​ searching for centralizers,​ stabilizers,​ etc. For example, to check whether some permutation belongs to a group one can do + + def perm1 = [[1, 2, 5]].p + println group.membershipTest(perm1) + ​ + + > false + ​ + + def perm2 = [[1, 4, 5]].p + println group.membershipTest(perm2) +  ​ + + > true + ​ + To find a subgroup that stabilizes a set of points (i.e. map set on itself "as a whole"​) one can do: + + println group.setwiseStabilizer(1,​ 3, 5) +  ​ + + > Group( +[[2, 6]], -[[1, 5]] ) + ​ + + See [[documentation:​ref:​PermutationGroup]] ​ for further details. + + ====See also==== + * Related guides: [[documentation:​guide:​symmetries_of_tensors]] + * Related reference material: [[documentation:​ref:​permutation]],​ [[documentation:​ref:​permutationgroup]]